Publications

Research & Publications

Our engineering capabilities are grounded in peer-reviewed research — published at IPC, PPIM, and in leading pipeline engineering journals for more than a decade.

Our Areas of Technical Contribution

Finite Element Analysis

Automated non-linear FEA for pipeline dents. Development of 3D shape-matching algorithms that converge in 1–3 iterations, enabling high-throughput Level-3 assessment without manual mesh preparation.

Probabilistic Assessment

Monte Carlo-based fatigue and strain assessment for pipeline dents. Quantifying uncertainty from ILI measurement error, material variability, and operating pressure history to produce defensible probability-of-failure estimates.

ILI Data Processing

Signal processing methods for caliper ILI data — including FFT-Gaussian noise filtering, 3D curvature computation, multi-apex feature detection, and k-NN quality classification applied at population scale.

Standards Development

Active members of the API 1183 committee, contributing to the development of the second edition. Our research on fatigue assessment, Level 3 assessment, and probabilistic methods helps inform the standard’s evolution.

Peer-Reviewed Papers & Conference Publications

These peer-reviewed publications validate the core capabilities behind DentSavant and provide the technical foundation for our broader engineering services.

2026
IPC 2026
IPC2026-186220

High-Throughput Level-3 Finite Element Analysis for Pipeline Dent Integrity Assessment

Amandeep Singh Virk, Muntaseer Kainat (IntegraFrame Ltd.); Michael Elkins (Trans Mountain Corp.); Chike Okoloekwe, Saheed Akonko, Nader Yoosef-Ghodsi (Enbridge)

Presents an automated Level-3 FEA workflow using a 3D full-field shape-matching algorithm with CalculiX. Validated against 13 field dents: convergence achieved in 1–3 iterations for all features, with RMS shape error of 0.85–2.50 mm. Solver runtimes ranged from 2.6 to 36.9 hours on local hardware. Demonstrates that high-throughput Level-3 assessment is achievable without manual FEA specialist involvement.

Key findings: 1–3 iterations to convergence RMS 0.85–2.50 mm 13 field dents validated No manual mesh preparation

Proceedings of the International Pipeline Conference, September 2026.

PPIM 2026
DOI: 10.52202/083805-0071

Automating Level 3 Dent Assessment: A Consistent and Scalable Framework for Deterministic and Probabilistic Finite Element Analysis

Amandeep Virk, Muntaseer Kainat, Chike Okoloekwe, Michael Elkins, Nader Yoosef-Ghodsi, Saheed Akonko

Presents a complete Level 3 dent assessment automation framework covering preprocessing, shape-matching, post-processing, and probabilistic assessment using Monte Carlo simulation. Demonstrated on restrained and unrestrained dents with interacting features, the framework enables consistent, scalable high-fidelity assessment with reduced manual effort.

Key findings: End-to-end Level 3 automation Deterministic and probabilistic workflows Restrained and unrestrained dents Interacting feature capability

Pipeline Pigging & Integrity Management Conference, 2026.

2025
PPIM 2025
DOI: 10.52202/078572-0094

A Comprehensive Framework for Automated Dent Screening and Integrity Assessment Using In-Line Inspection Data and Finite Element Analysis

Amandeep Virk, Muntaseer Kainat, Chike Okoloekwe, Nader Yoosef-Ghodsi, Saheed Akonko

Describes the complete automated screening framework — from ILI data quality control through Level-3 FEA — including k-NN-based QA/QC achieving 100% recall, FFT-Gaussian profile filtering, 3D profile-based feature detection, IMU integration for out-of-straightness, and Monte Carlo fatigue simulation. Introduces calibrated non-linear material properties in screening-level FEA to reduce conservatism for restrained dents.

Key findings: 100% QA/QC recall rate Multi-apex dent detection Monte Carlo probabilistic fatigue End-to-end automation

Pipeline Pigging & Integrity Management Conference, Houston, January 2025.

2022
IPC 2022
DOI: 10.1115/IPC2022-87320

Implementation of API 1183 Recommended Practice for Reliability-Based Assessment of Dents in Liquid Pipelines

Muntaseer Kainat, Amandeep Virk, Nader Yoosef-Ghodsi, Steven Bott

Documents the implementation of API 1183 across a major Canadian liquid transmission system — screening over 5,000 dents using SQuAD, with approximately 200 assessed for fatigue and 100 for strain using QuAD. Framework validated against 79 excavated features: no false negatives in the validation dataset, 85% agreement with excavation findings. Identifies over-conservatism in S-N parameters and weld interaction reduction factors.

Key findings: 5,000+ dents screened 0 false negatives in 79-feature validation study 85% agreement with excavation findings Full API 1183 workflow

Proceedings of the International Pipeline Conference, September 2022.

2020
IPC 2020
DOI: 10.1115/IPC2020-9472

Improved Semi-Quantitative Reliability-Based Method for Assessment of Pipeline Dents with Stress Risers

Amandeep Singh Virk, Doug Langer, Janine Woo, Nader Yoosef-Ghodsi, Muntaseer Kainat

Presents improvements to the SQuAD screening model including FFT-Gaussian filtering for ILI noise reduction, simplified FEA for stress calculation under pressure cycling, and S-N based fatigue probability of failure estimation. Demonstrates feasibility of the improved model as an effective system-wide screening tool within a reliability-based dent assessment framework.

Key findings: Fatigue limit state added to SQuAD FFT-Gaussian filtering for ILI data Simplified FEA stress analysis System-wide screening feasibility

Proceedings of the International Pipeline Conference, September 2020.

IPC 2020
DOI: 10.1115/IPC2020-9580

Application of Noise Filtering Techniques for the Quantification of Uncertainty in Dent Strain Calculations

Noah Ergezinger, Amandeep Singh Virk, Janine Woo, Muntaseer Kainat, Samer Adeeb

Presents FFT-Gaussian filtering methods for smoothing ILI dent profiles and quantifying uncertainty in dent depth and curvature-based strain calculations. The work shows how repeated noise perturbation can be used to generate distributions for dent characteristics needed in reliability-based assessment.

Key findings: FFT-Gaussian profile smoothing Uncertainty in dent depth and curvature Reliability-analysis inputs

Proceedings of the International Pipeline Conference, 2020.

2019
JPSE, Vol. 10, Issue 2
DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)PS.1949-1204.0000360

Effects of Loading Sequences on Remaining Life of Plain Dents in Buried Liquid Pipelines

Muntaseer Kainat, Janine Woo, Doug Langer, Thomas Krausert, J.J. Roger Cheng, Sherif Hassanien, and Samer Adeeb

Demonstrates the effects of different loading sequences on remaining life of plain dents using validated finite element analysis. A parametric study confirms that dent severity cannot be fully assessed based on depth alone — restraint condition, indenter shape, loading sequence, and pressure-cycling history must be considered.

Key findings: Loading sequence affects remaining life Depth alone is insufficient for assessment Validated FEA parametric study

Journal of Pipeline Systems Engineering and Practice, Vol. 10, Issue 2, 2019.

2018
IPC 2018
DOI: 10.1115/IPC2018-78376

Do We Need a Safe Excavation Pressure for Dented Pipelines: How Should it Be Defined?

Muntaseer Kainat, Doug Langer, Sherif Hassanien

Presents a reliability-based approach to determine safe excavation pressure for dented liquid pipelines. Employs non-linear FEA to model dents interacting with crack features, coupled with uncertainties in pipe properties and ILI data. A fracture mechanics-based limit state estimates probability of failure at different excavation pressures. Demonstrates the methodology through feature-specific case studies.

Key findings: Reliability-based SEP framework Non-linear FEA with crack interaction Fracture mechanics limit state Feature-specific case studies

Proceedings of the International Pipeline Conference, September 2018.

Broader Technical Contributions

These publications extend our core dent assessment research into related areas including crack and leakage evaluation, safe excavation pressure, finite element analysis, and composite repair design.

2022
IPC 2022
DOI: 10.1115/IPC2022-87262

Characterization of Through-Wall Cracks and Resulting Leakage Rates in Pipelines

Elaheh Ebrahimnia, Shawn Prasad, Amandeep Virk, Khurram Shahzad, Muntaseer Kainat, Saheed Akonko

Uses finite element analysis and computational fluid dynamics to characterize through-wall cracks and estimate resulting leak rates. The study highlights the importance of crack geometry, operating pressure, turbulence modelling, and crack surface roughness, and shows that simple analytical models can underpredict leakage in turbulent flow regimes.

Key findings: FEA and CFD crack characterization Leak rate sensitivity to crack geometry Analytical model limitations Turbulent flow effects

Proceedings of the International Pipeline Conference, 2022.

2020
IPC 2020
DOI: 10.1115/IPC2020-9399

Reliability-Based Assessment of Safe Excavation Pressure for Dented Pipelines

Chike Okoloekwe, Matthew Fowler, Amandeep Virk, Nader Yoosef-Ghodsi, Muntaseer Kainat

Develops a reliability-based safe excavation pressure methodology for dented pipelines using non-linear FEA, API 579 failure assessment diagram concepts, and uncertainty treatment for material properties and ILI data. The approach was validated against ten full-scale burst tests and demonstrated through a feature-specific case study.

Key findings: Reliability-based SEP assessment Validated against burst tests API 579 FAD integration Feature-specific excavation decisions

Proceedings of the International Pipeline Conference, 2020.

2015
Book Chapter
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-85709-684-5.00011-4

Effect of Live Pressure on Overwrap Design

A.S. Virk, H.R. Ronagh, N. Saeed

Examines the role of live pressure in composite overwrap repair design. The chapter combines analytical and finite element analysis methods to show that live pressure should not appear in the repair design equation, supporting simplification of existing code formulations.

Key findings: Live pressure does not govern repair thickness Analytical and FEA validation Code-equation simplification

Woodhead Publishing, 2015.

2014
Composites Part B
DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2013.10.035

Composite Repair of Pipelines, Considering the Effect of Live Pressure — Analytical and Numerical Models with Respect to ISO/TS 24817 and ASME PCC-2

Nariman Saeed, Hamid Ronagh, Amandeep Virk

Investigates composite repair thickness design for corroded pipelines with explicit reference to ISO/TS 24817 and ASME PCC-2. Using both analytical and finite element methods, the study shows that required repair thickness is independent of live pressure and proposes a modification to existing design equations.

Key findings: Repair thickness independent of live pressure Analytical and numerical validation Proposed code-equation modification

Composites Part B: Engineering, Vol. 58, 2014.

Want to Go Deeper?

Our engineers are available for technical discussions on any of the methodologies described in our publications — or to walk you through how they're implemented in DentSavant.